Privately Issued Currencies

From the earliest times token coins were issued by companies in remote parts of the world to overcome the shortage of circulating currency.Several large cmpanies issue points to their customers, to be redeemed for products and services produced by that company. Often, a network of companies will join to share in the offering and redemption of points. While these can hardly be considered stable currency systems, they present many of the same features as "legitimate" currency: they are a store of value, issued in discrete units; they are controlled by a central issuing authority; and they have varying rates of exchange with other forms of currency. For example, frequent flyer miles can be bought using U.S. dollars.

• Casino token: Chips are used in wagering for various reasons - mostly to make it easier to recognize or count the amount of a wager by eye, or (as in roulette or craps) to distinguish wagers belonging to different players that by necessity must be played near each other.
• Digital gold currency: Privately issued digital currency backed by gold .
• Frequent flyer miles: A type of private currency, different versions of which are issued by most major airlines to encourage customer loyalty. Other customer loyalty incentives have followed this model, including points systems offered by soft drink manufacturers such as PepsiCo.
• Subway tokens: issued by city transit authorities, can be considered a highly specialized form of currency.
• Alternative currency: A currency such as the Liberty Dollar that is intended to replace or compete with a national currency.
• Digital public transport currency:stored on a smart card and sold in exchange of real money.
• Scrip: A type of private currency where a certain value is captured, and used to purchase goods from a company. Examples of scrip include gift certificates, gift cards, Bugs Bunny Money, and Disney dollars, Canadian Tire Money and more recently Microsoft Points on the Xbox Live Marketplace. However, scrip is not considered a currency in itself, but merely a store of value, denominated in another currency.
  Coupons: are a form of currency that is recognized by businesses, not to purchase a product or service, but to deduct from the total cost, promote benefits, rebates or discounts. Coupons are primarily used as a marketing tool.
• Coupons: are a form of currency that is recognized by businesses, not to purchase a product or service, but to deduct from the total cost, promote benefits, rebates or discounts. Coupons are primarily used as a marketing tool.